Annotated Bibliography: Archival Material
Affiliated Lyceum Bureaus. "Mutual Lyceum and Chautauqua System Lectures (Midwest) for Ida M. Tarbell." 1918. MS. Allegheny College, Meadville, PA. Allegheny College. Web. 4 June 2012.
This manuscript provided me with a look into Ida Tarbell’s Chautauqua life. She traveled to many different cities to lecture and this could have only increased her status and respectability. She also must have learned a lot on her travels as well because she got to see different parts of the country, different cultures, and different lifestyles.
Bain News Service. Lincoln Steffens. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress, n.p. This source provided a clear archived picture of Steffens.
Bright, Heather. "Ida Minerva Tarbell." Ida Minerva Tarbell. Pennsylvania State University Library, 2009. Web. 11 June 2012.
This source gave me a little background on Ida Tarbell’s life and some of her personal grievances against the Standard Oil Company. It turns out that Tarbell was displeased with the fact that both her father and her brother were driven out of business by Standard.
Emerson, Florence Brooks. ""Letitia Berkeley, A.M."" The New York Times. N.p., 16 Dec. 1899. Web. 7 June 2012. This article helped give a quick summary and overview of what Letitia Berkeley, A.M. was about.
"Fiction Still Popular. Mr. McClure Talks About the Making of Modern Magazines." The Sun [Baltimore, MA] 4 Feb. 1910: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 6 June 2012.
From this newspaper article, I learned about the motivations of S.S. McClure to start the magazine. He wanted to deal with social problems and expose the truth behind corruption.
Flood, Theodore L. Letter to Ida M. Tarbell. 25 Mar. 1891. Letter: Theodore L. Flood to Ida M. Tarbell, March 25, 1891. Allegheny College, n.d. Web. 5 June 2012.
This letter from the editor of The Chautauquan to Ida Tarbell showed me how much she was appreciated as a journalist. She worked diligently and had a great character and the editor wrote that she would be missed. This magazine was the root of Tarbell’s journalism career and at The Chautauquan she was able to discover her love of the medium.
"Ida Tarbell and the Standard Oil Trust." The Sunday Oregonian [Portland, OR] 19 June 1904: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 7 June 2012.
This newspaper article detailed the troubles Ms. Tarbell had to go through in order for her to properly write her exposes on the Standard Oil Company. She pioneered the art of investigative journalism by sorting through thousands of records and seeking relevant information for her writings.
"J. A. Riis on Roosevelt." New-York Daily Tribune. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 4 June 2012.
A display of Riis’s respect towards Roosevelt. The newspaper article quotes Riis complimenting Roosevelt despite his flaw; this helped me give more evidence for the relationship between the two.
Lee, Elizabeth. "Ida M. Tarbell." The Macon Telegraph [Macon, GA] 12 June 1904: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 7 June 2012.
This newspaper article was a very good source of background information on Ida Tarbell. I learned that she had not always wanted to be a journalist; rather, she aspired to become a teacher, but due to a series of unfortunate events, she eventually came to the field of journalism, where her career really took off.
Long, Huey P. Letter to Ida M. Tarbell. 17 Aug. 1923. Letter: Huey P. Long to Ida M. Tarbell, August 17, 1923. Allegheny College, n.d. Web. 2 June 2012.
I was surprised by finding this letter between Ida Tarbell and Huey Long. From this letter I learned that many people who were seeking to hold Standard Oil accountable for its actions just simply couldn’t because of the lack of information. The company kept destroying its own records in order to stay secretive, but Ms. Tarbell was able to break through that barrier.
MANYC. Tuberculosis Map. 1901. Represents number of cases of Tuberculosis reported. The Living City Museum, New York.
This is a map of a certain city block of tenements, showing all reported cases of Tuberculosis. Every single room is marked with at least one dot, some going as high at 24 dots. It also provides an important statitistic, half the time cases are not reported, meaning each number could potentially be doubled. I used this map to demonstrate the dangers of tenement housing; without Jacob Riis’s push this epidemic could have become much worse.
MANYC. Typical Light Shaft. N.d. Typical Light Shaft in a Tenement. The Living City Museum, New York.
This is a picture of a typical light shaft in a tenement building. The picture shows how small the actual shaft is, and how unrealistic it is to actually get any direct sunlight from the small shaft, not to mention any fresh air. I used this as another example of the almost inhospitable environments in tenement housing.
MANYC. The Dumb-bell Plan Tenement House Design. N.d. Dumb-bell Tenement Blueprint. The Living City Museum, New York.
This is a blueprint of the winning design for a tenement design competition. The building became the most widely used design because of its storage efficiency and also the fact that it met all regulations at the time. Only problem is that they were also massive breeding grounds for disease.
"Miss Ida Tarbell's Brother on Stand in Oil Trust Case." The Lexington Herald [Lexington, KY] 5 Oct. 1907: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 7 June 2012.
This article was interesting because I learned that trouble with the Standard Oil Company seemed to run through the Tarbell family. Her father’s business had been threatened by Rockefeller’s company, and so had her brother’s. Ida seemed to shoulder the burden of her family by writing about the unfair practices of Standard.
McCullough, Helen. ""The Explosions of Our Fine Idealistic Undertakings"" McClure's Chapter 3. Allegheny College, n.d. Web. 5 June 2012. I used this source to find a picture of Steffens when he was younger.
Plain Dealer. Advertisement. The Shame of Minneapolis 30 Dec. 1902: 2. Print. This advertisement gave a quick and short summary of what “The Shame of Minneapolis” would talk about.
Redpath Chautauqua Special. 1910. Photograph. The University of Iowa Libraries, n.p.
This photograph showed me a bit of what life was like on the Chautauqua circuit. I was able to see how widespread this movement was back in its heyday because of the number of people gathered by the train.
Riis, Jacob A. Lodgers in a Crowded Bayard Street Tenement - "Five Cents a Spot."1890. Photograph. Museum of the City of New York, New York. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Museum of the City of New York. Web. 10 June 2012.
One of Jacob Riis’s photographs. It shows how crowded the tenements were, and also the squalor they were living in. Shabby walls, worn down clothes, these people were barely surviving in their own filth.
Riis, Jacob A. Yard in Jersey Street (now Gone) Where Italians Lived in the Then Worst Slums. 1897. Photograph. Museum of the City of New York, New York.
This is another picture of Jacob Riis’s. It’s an outside view of the shacks that many people were living in at the time. The floors were all cracked and the shacks are covered in rusted metal sheets. One can only feel sympathy for the baby in the mom’s hands, born into this decrepit world.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Lincoln Steffens. 25 Sept. 1905. Letter. Theodore Roosevelt Collection. Houghton Library, Harvard University. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. Dickinson State University. 3 June 2012. I found this letter interesting because it showed how Steffens did not care that Roosevelt was the president and only cared whether or not Roosevelt had been involved in corrupt affairs.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Lincoln Steffens. 3 Dec. 1907. Letter. Theodore Roosevelt Collection. Houghton Library, Harvard University. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. Dickinson State University. 3 June 2012 .This was the final letter from Roosevelt to Steffens which stated that Steffens would be able to ask any of Roosevelt’s employees about information regarding executive affairs.
The Shame of the Cities. Advertisement. Who are the Real Enemies of the Republic [Portland] 26 Mar. 1904: 5 Print. The advertisement was a good way to open of the “Shame of the Cities” tab.
"Standard Oil Plan of Reorganization." The Anaconda Standard [Anaconda, MT] 1 Aug. 1911: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 8 June 2012.
This article detailed how the Standard Oil Company would be broken up after the Supreme Court ruled it to be an unfair combination. I got a sense of just how large the company actually was by the sheer number of smaller companies it was broken into.
"Standard Oil's Nemesis." The Daily Herald [Biloxi, MS] 22 June 1911: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 6 June 2012.
This article details some of the personal traits and personal grudges that Tarbell had that allowed her to successfully fight the Standard Oil Company. It also mentions that some consider Tarbell to have single handedly taken down the trust.
Steffens, Lincoln. "Is "Our" Government Ours." McClure's Magazine Jan. 1906: n. pag. Newsbank/Readex. Web. 4 June 2012. This article was actually the first article I found when I first began the archives project. When reading it, I enjoyed Steffens eloquent writing. The article gives reasons as to why Steffens believes that corruption lies everywhere.
Steffens, Lincoln. Letter from Lincoln Steffens to Theodore Roosevelt. Letter. Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Manuscripts division. The Library of Congress. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. Dickinson State University. 3 June 2012.
This letter was part of a series of letters on a website that enabled me to develop and further research the relationship between Roosevelt and Steffens. When I first read the letter talking about Steffens wanting to learn more about the national government, it interested me and spurred me to read where and why he got such an interest.
Steffens, Lincoln. "The Shame of Minneapolis." 1903. MS. N.p. This article exposed me to Clarke, the prosecutor who caused the fall of Ames.
Steffens, Lincoln. "The Shame of Minneapolis: The Rescue and Redemption of a City That Was Sold Out." McClure's Magazine Jan. 1903: 3+. Web. This showed the checkbook which recorded the bribes given to Ames and his followers.
Steffens, Lincoln. "Shame of St. Louis." Oregonian [Portland] 8 Mar. 1903: n. pag.Newsbank/Readex. Web. 3 June 2012. This little portion further exposed the corruption in St. Louis.
Steffens, Lincoln. "Tweed Days in St. Louis." The St. Louis Republic 27 Sept. 1902: n. pag. Newsbank/Readex. Web. 4 June 2012. This article showed clear corruption in St. Louis and showed Steffens’ work.
Tarbell, Ida M. "The History of the Standard Oil Company." McClure's Magazine Nov. 1902: n. pag. HathiTrust Digital Library. Web. 5 June 2012.
Ida Tarbell’s famous McClure’s pieces were very interesting to read. It really built a story around the whole Standard Oil fiasco and I began to understand why so many people were upset with the practices of this mega-corporation.
Tarbell, Ida M. Letter to John Siddall. 10 Dec. 1903. Letter: Ida M. Tarbell to John Siddall, December 10, 1903. Allegheny College, n.d. Web. 1 June 2012.
From this letter I learned how collaborative Ida Tarbell was while writing her book. She continually reached out to her assistant John Siddall as well as her brother to help her with her manuscripts. It also mentions how much of the information Ms. Tarbell attained on the Standard Oil Company had to be kept secret so as to keep other people safe.
Tarbell, Ida M. "To the Editor of The New York Times." Letter to Editor, New York Times. 20 Apr. 1934. Letter: Ida M. Tarbell to Editor, New York Times, April 20, 1934. Allegheny College, n.d. Web. 5 June 2012.
Ida Tarbell writes to the editor of the New York Times asking for more support of the Chautauqua movement. She writes that she had become a knowledge-filled person through the Chautauqua movement and that thousands of others had as well. She also detailed some of the duties she performed at The Chautauquan, which was helpful in understanding why she loved the movement so much and how she developed her journalistic techniques.
"Tenement House Act." The Living City. Columbia University, n.d. Web. 10 June 2012.
This is an article written by the Living City Museum that provided information on the Tenement House Act specifically, as well as some basic information on the Tenement House Commission. It showed specific New York State legislation and activity due to Jacob Riis’s stubborn push for change.
White Wings on Review. New York: Thomas Edison Inc., 20 May 1903. .mpg.
A video of the actual White Wings themselves, being paraded as heroes for cleaning up the city. The video shows the pride in change, as well as the changing mentality of the people as it the problems in tenement housing are being more and more widely known — thanks to Jacob Riis and his struggle.
This manuscript provided me with a look into Ida Tarbell’s Chautauqua life. She traveled to many different cities to lecture and this could have only increased her status and respectability. She also must have learned a lot on her travels as well because she got to see different parts of the country, different cultures, and different lifestyles.
Bain News Service. Lincoln Steffens. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress, n.p. This source provided a clear archived picture of Steffens.
Bright, Heather. "Ida Minerva Tarbell." Ida Minerva Tarbell. Pennsylvania State University Library, 2009. Web. 11 June 2012.
This source gave me a little background on Ida Tarbell’s life and some of her personal grievances against the Standard Oil Company. It turns out that Tarbell was displeased with the fact that both her father and her brother were driven out of business by Standard.
Emerson, Florence Brooks. ""Letitia Berkeley, A.M."" The New York Times. N.p., 16 Dec. 1899. Web. 7 June 2012. This article helped give a quick summary and overview of what Letitia Berkeley, A.M. was about.
"Fiction Still Popular. Mr. McClure Talks About the Making of Modern Magazines." The Sun [Baltimore, MA] 4 Feb. 1910: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 6 June 2012.
From this newspaper article, I learned about the motivations of S.S. McClure to start the magazine. He wanted to deal with social problems and expose the truth behind corruption.
Flood, Theodore L. Letter to Ida M. Tarbell. 25 Mar. 1891. Letter: Theodore L. Flood to Ida M. Tarbell, March 25, 1891. Allegheny College, n.d. Web. 5 June 2012.
This letter from the editor of The Chautauquan to Ida Tarbell showed me how much she was appreciated as a journalist. She worked diligently and had a great character and the editor wrote that she would be missed. This magazine was the root of Tarbell’s journalism career and at The Chautauquan she was able to discover her love of the medium.
"Ida Tarbell and the Standard Oil Trust." The Sunday Oregonian [Portland, OR] 19 June 1904: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 7 June 2012.
This newspaper article detailed the troubles Ms. Tarbell had to go through in order for her to properly write her exposes on the Standard Oil Company. She pioneered the art of investigative journalism by sorting through thousands of records and seeking relevant information for her writings.
"J. A. Riis on Roosevelt." New-York Daily Tribune. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 4 June 2012.
A display of Riis’s respect towards Roosevelt. The newspaper article quotes Riis complimenting Roosevelt despite his flaw; this helped me give more evidence for the relationship between the two.
Lee, Elizabeth. "Ida M. Tarbell." The Macon Telegraph [Macon, GA] 12 June 1904: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 7 June 2012.
This newspaper article was a very good source of background information on Ida Tarbell. I learned that she had not always wanted to be a journalist; rather, she aspired to become a teacher, but due to a series of unfortunate events, she eventually came to the field of journalism, where her career really took off.
Long, Huey P. Letter to Ida M. Tarbell. 17 Aug. 1923. Letter: Huey P. Long to Ida M. Tarbell, August 17, 1923. Allegheny College, n.d. Web. 2 June 2012.
I was surprised by finding this letter between Ida Tarbell and Huey Long. From this letter I learned that many people who were seeking to hold Standard Oil accountable for its actions just simply couldn’t because of the lack of information. The company kept destroying its own records in order to stay secretive, but Ms. Tarbell was able to break through that barrier.
MANYC. Tuberculosis Map. 1901. Represents number of cases of Tuberculosis reported. The Living City Museum, New York.
This is a map of a certain city block of tenements, showing all reported cases of Tuberculosis. Every single room is marked with at least one dot, some going as high at 24 dots. It also provides an important statitistic, half the time cases are not reported, meaning each number could potentially be doubled. I used this map to demonstrate the dangers of tenement housing; without Jacob Riis’s push this epidemic could have become much worse.
MANYC. Typical Light Shaft. N.d. Typical Light Shaft in a Tenement. The Living City Museum, New York.
This is a picture of a typical light shaft in a tenement building. The picture shows how small the actual shaft is, and how unrealistic it is to actually get any direct sunlight from the small shaft, not to mention any fresh air. I used this as another example of the almost inhospitable environments in tenement housing.
MANYC. The Dumb-bell Plan Tenement House Design. N.d. Dumb-bell Tenement Blueprint. The Living City Museum, New York.
This is a blueprint of the winning design for a tenement design competition. The building became the most widely used design because of its storage efficiency and also the fact that it met all regulations at the time. Only problem is that they were also massive breeding grounds for disease.
"Miss Ida Tarbell's Brother on Stand in Oil Trust Case." The Lexington Herald [Lexington, KY] 5 Oct. 1907: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 7 June 2012.
This article was interesting because I learned that trouble with the Standard Oil Company seemed to run through the Tarbell family. Her father’s business had been threatened by Rockefeller’s company, and so had her brother’s. Ida seemed to shoulder the burden of her family by writing about the unfair practices of Standard.
McCullough, Helen. ""The Explosions of Our Fine Idealistic Undertakings"" McClure's Chapter 3. Allegheny College, n.d. Web. 5 June 2012. I used this source to find a picture of Steffens when he was younger.
Plain Dealer. Advertisement. The Shame of Minneapolis 30 Dec. 1902: 2. Print. This advertisement gave a quick and short summary of what “The Shame of Minneapolis” would talk about.
Redpath Chautauqua Special. 1910. Photograph. The University of Iowa Libraries, n.p.
This photograph showed me a bit of what life was like on the Chautauqua circuit. I was able to see how widespread this movement was back in its heyday because of the number of people gathered by the train.
Riis, Jacob A. Lodgers in a Crowded Bayard Street Tenement - "Five Cents a Spot."1890. Photograph. Museum of the City of New York, New York. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Museum of the City of New York. Web. 10 June 2012.
One of Jacob Riis’s photographs. It shows how crowded the tenements were, and also the squalor they were living in. Shabby walls, worn down clothes, these people were barely surviving in their own filth.
Riis, Jacob A. Yard in Jersey Street (now Gone) Where Italians Lived in the Then Worst Slums. 1897. Photograph. Museum of the City of New York, New York.
This is another picture of Jacob Riis’s. It’s an outside view of the shacks that many people were living in at the time. The floors were all cracked and the shacks are covered in rusted metal sheets. One can only feel sympathy for the baby in the mom’s hands, born into this decrepit world.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Lincoln Steffens. 25 Sept. 1905. Letter. Theodore Roosevelt Collection. Houghton Library, Harvard University. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. Dickinson State University. 3 June 2012. I found this letter interesting because it showed how Steffens did not care that Roosevelt was the president and only cared whether or not Roosevelt had been involved in corrupt affairs.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Lincoln Steffens. 3 Dec. 1907. Letter. Theodore Roosevelt Collection. Houghton Library, Harvard University. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. Dickinson State University. 3 June 2012 .This was the final letter from Roosevelt to Steffens which stated that Steffens would be able to ask any of Roosevelt’s employees about information regarding executive affairs.
The Shame of the Cities. Advertisement. Who are the Real Enemies of the Republic [Portland] 26 Mar. 1904: 5 Print. The advertisement was a good way to open of the “Shame of the Cities” tab.
"Standard Oil Plan of Reorganization." The Anaconda Standard [Anaconda, MT] 1 Aug. 1911: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 8 June 2012.
This article detailed how the Standard Oil Company would be broken up after the Supreme Court ruled it to be an unfair combination. I got a sense of just how large the company actually was by the sheer number of smaller companies it was broken into.
"Standard Oil's Nemesis." The Daily Herald [Biloxi, MS] 22 June 1911: n. pag. NewsBank/Readex. Web. 6 June 2012.
This article details some of the personal traits and personal grudges that Tarbell had that allowed her to successfully fight the Standard Oil Company. It also mentions that some consider Tarbell to have single handedly taken down the trust.
Steffens, Lincoln. "Is "Our" Government Ours." McClure's Magazine Jan. 1906: n. pag. Newsbank/Readex. Web. 4 June 2012. This article was actually the first article I found when I first began the archives project. When reading it, I enjoyed Steffens eloquent writing. The article gives reasons as to why Steffens believes that corruption lies everywhere.
Steffens, Lincoln. Letter from Lincoln Steffens to Theodore Roosevelt. Letter. Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Manuscripts division. The Library of Congress. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. Dickinson State University. 3 June 2012.
This letter was part of a series of letters on a website that enabled me to develop and further research the relationship between Roosevelt and Steffens. When I first read the letter talking about Steffens wanting to learn more about the national government, it interested me and spurred me to read where and why he got such an interest.
Steffens, Lincoln. "The Shame of Minneapolis." 1903. MS. N.p. This article exposed me to Clarke, the prosecutor who caused the fall of Ames.
Steffens, Lincoln. "The Shame of Minneapolis: The Rescue and Redemption of a City That Was Sold Out." McClure's Magazine Jan. 1903: 3+. Web. This showed the checkbook which recorded the bribes given to Ames and his followers.
Steffens, Lincoln. "Shame of St. Louis." Oregonian [Portland] 8 Mar. 1903: n. pag.Newsbank/Readex. Web. 3 June 2012. This little portion further exposed the corruption in St. Louis.
Steffens, Lincoln. "Tweed Days in St. Louis." The St. Louis Republic 27 Sept. 1902: n. pag. Newsbank/Readex. Web. 4 June 2012. This article showed clear corruption in St. Louis and showed Steffens’ work.
Tarbell, Ida M. "The History of the Standard Oil Company." McClure's Magazine Nov. 1902: n. pag. HathiTrust Digital Library. Web. 5 June 2012.
Ida Tarbell’s famous McClure’s pieces were very interesting to read. It really built a story around the whole Standard Oil fiasco and I began to understand why so many people were upset with the practices of this mega-corporation.
Tarbell, Ida M. Letter to John Siddall. 10 Dec. 1903. Letter: Ida M. Tarbell to John Siddall, December 10, 1903. Allegheny College, n.d. Web. 1 June 2012.
From this letter I learned how collaborative Ida Tarbell was while writing her book. She continually reached out to her assistant John Siddall as well as her brother to help her with her manuscripts. It also mentions how much of the information Ms. Tarbell attained on the Standard Oil Company had to be kept secret so as to keep other people safe.
Tarbell, Ida M. "To the Editor of The New York Times." Letter to Editor, New York Times. 20 Apr. 1934. Letter: Ida M. Tarbell to Editor, New York Times, April 20, 1934. Allegheny College, n.d. Web. 5 June 2012.
Ida Tarbell writes to the editor of the New York Times asking for more support of the Chautauqua movement. She writes that she had become a knowledge-filled person through the Chautauqua movement and that thousands of others had as well. She also detailed some of the duties she performed at The Chautauquan, which was helpful in understanding why she loved the movement so much and how she developed her journalistic techniques.
"Tenement House Act." The Living City. Columbia University, n.d. Web. 10 June 2012.
This is an article written by the Living City Museum that provided information on the Tenement House Act specifically, as well as some basic information on the Tenement House Commission. It showed specific New York State legislation and activity due to Jacob Riis’s stubborn push for change.
White Wings on Review. New York: Thomas Edison Inc., 20 May 1903. .mpg.
A video of the actual White Wings themselves, being paraded as heroes for cleaning up the city. The video shows the pride in change, as well as the changing mentality of the people as it the problems in tenement housing are being more and more widely known — thanks to Jacob Riis and his struggle.
Annotated Bibliography: Secondary Sources
"Dr. Simonton's Direct Doctoral Descent." Dr. Simonton's Direct Doctoral Descent. UC Davis, n.d. Web. 8 June 2012. This source was used to get a picture of Wundt.
Dock, L. L. "Extracts from the Report of the Tenement-House Commission, New York, 1901." JSTOR. JSTOR, n.d. Web. 10 June 2012.
This is a report by the Tenement House Commission, which was created to regulate the conditions of the tenements in New York. It discusses the various problems with tenements, namely overcrowding and unsanitary conditions because of the actual way the structures are built.
"Human Intelligence: Wilhelm Wundt." Human Intelligence: Wilhelm Wundt. Indiana University, n.d. Web. 7 June 2012. This website explained Wundt’s achievements and helped me understand and comprehend why Steffens would want to study and question his own life.
Husband, Joseph. "IX: Jacob A. Riis." Americans By Adoption. N.p.: Atlantic Monthly, n.d. 148. Print.
This book is a compilation of brief biographies of famous people in American history. The book was simply a shorter and easier to understand version of the autobiography, since Jacob Riis’s writing was not the best, to say the least.
"McClure Publishing Company Archives." University of Delaware: MCCLURE PUBLISHING COMPANY ARCHIVES. University of Delaware Library, n.d. Web. 4 June 2012.
This source gave me background information about McClure’s Publishing Company and detailed some the problems that S.S. McClure was going through with his company. This source also gave me information on Ida Tarbell’s roots at McClure’s and some of the things she did before moving onto her big profile The History of the Standard Oil Company.
"New York City at the Turn of the Century." American Memory: The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906. Library of Congress, 1991. Web. 10 June 2012.
This is a small passage on the conditions at the time. It also provided some basic background information on the “White Wings” who swept the city clean.
"No. 300 Mulberry Street - It's Past and Its Present." The Evening World [New York] 09 Aug. 1901, 43rd ed.: 4. Library of Congress. Web. 10 June 2012.
A newspaper article that describes the corruption that was rampant throughout the NYPD, but particularly the Mulberry Station. It contrasts how New York’s “finest” is also New York’s most corrupt.
Pascal, Janet B. Jacob Riis: Reporter and Reformer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
This was a biography on Jacob Riis as well. I used this source, however, to focus on the corruption aspect of Riis’s life. It provided pictures and information about Roosevelt’s changes as well as their time together at the Mulberry Police Station.
Riis, Jacob A. The Making of an American. New York: MacMillian, 1901. Print.
This book is an autobiography by Jacob Riis. I used the book a lot for the early life portion of the website as well as the emigrating to America section. There weren’t any other places that gave as much information on his early life — for obvious reasons. It was also important to the study because it gave insight into the motives and possible influences that Riis recognizes as bringing him into the muckraking world.
Riis, Jacob A. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Charles Scribner's Son, 1890.Bartleby.com. Bartleby, 2000. Web. 10 June 2012.
This was the book written by Jacob Riis that started it all. It gave him the fame and the reputation as a muckraker, and also helped him gain the respect of many reform leaders, in particular Theodore Roosevelt.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography. New York: MacMillian, 1890. Bartleby.com. Bartleby, 1999. Web. 10 June 2012.
An autobiography by Theodore Roosevelt and a source I relied heavily on to gather more information on the relationship between him and Jacob Riis. Jacob Riis’s autobiography showed that he revered Roosevelt, and I was wondering if the relationship was mutual: turned out it was.
Siegel, Robert. "Jacob Riis: Shedding Light on NYC's 'Other Half'" NPR. PBS, 30 June 2008. Web. 10 June 2012.
This was a video demonstrating the flash Jacob Riis used in his photos at the time. It was a mixture of chemicals set off by a gun, and at the time was very new technology. Riis would come around knocking down people’s doors and flash them, usually scaring them; he used this to his advantage, saying the people were terrified of their surroundings.
Tarbell, Ida M. All In The Day's Work. New York: Macmillan, 1939. Archive.org. Web. 2 June 2012.
From Ida Tarbell’s autobiography, I learned about her childhood and the way she acted growing up. This gave me insight into her life because I learned about some of her motivations into taking up journalism, such as her unwillingness to give up her own dreams by settling down with a man.
US Senate. "Lexow Committee." 1895. MS III. Albany.
The Lexow Committee was a probe done by the US Senate into the corruption of the NYPD. This was a brief transcription of it, since the actual version was 10,000 pages long. It gave valuable information on the various crimes committed by the NYPD during the time.
White, Carl. ""Muckraking" Greenwich." Historically Speaking. N.p., 18 Aug. 2010. Web. 6 June 2012. This article detailed Steffens’ life as a child up until his muckraking years. It was helpful in writing his biography.
Dock, L. L. "Extracts from the Report of the Tenement-House Commission, New York, 1901." JSTOR. JSTOR, n.d. Web. 10 June 2012.
This is a report by the Tenement House Commission, which was created to regulate the conditions of the tenements in New York. It discusses the various problems with tenements, namely overcrowding and unsanitary conditions because of the actual way the structures are built.
"Human Intelligence: Wilhelm Wundt." Human Intelligence: Wilhelm Wundt. Indiana University, n.d. Web. 7 June 2012. This website explained Wundt’s achievements and helped me understand and comprehend why Steffens would want to study and question his own life.
Husband, Joseph. "IX: Jacob A. Riis." Americans By Adoption. N.p.: Atlantic Monthly, n.d. 148. Print.
This book is a compilation of brief biographies of famous people in American history. The book was simply a shorter and easier to understand version of the autobiography, since Jacob Riis’s writing was not the best, to say the least.
"McClure Publishing Company Archives." University of Delaware: MCCLURE PUBLISHING COMPANY ARCHIVES. University of Delaware Library, n.d. Web. 4 June 2012.
This source gave me background information about McClure’s Publishing Company and detailed some the problems that S.S. McClure was going through with his company. This source also gave me information on Ida Tarbell’s roots at McClure’s and some of the things she did before moving onto her big profile The History of the Standard Oil Company.
"New York City at the Turn of the Century." American Memory: The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906. Library of Congress, 1991. Web. 10 June 2012.
This is a small passage on the conditions at the time. It also provided some basic background information on the “White Wings” who swept the city clean.
"No. 300 Mulberry Street - It's Past and Its Present." The Evening World [New York] 09 Aug. 1901, 43rd ed.: 4. Library of Congress. Web. 10 June 2012.
A newspaper article that describes the corruption that was rampant throughout the NYPD, but particularly the Mulberry Station. It contrasts how New York’s “finest” is also New York’s most corrupt.
Pascal, Janet B. Jacob Riis: Reporter and Reformer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
This was a biography on Jacob Riis as well. I used this source, however, to focus on the corruption aspect of Riis’s life. It provided pictures and information about Roosevelt’s changes as well as their time together at the Mulberry Police Station.
Riis, Jacob A. The Making of an American. New York: MacMillian, 1901. Print.
This book is an autobiography by Jacob Riis. I used the book a lot for the early life portion of the website as well as the emigrating to America section. There weren’t any other places that gave as much information on his early life — for obvious reasons. It was also important to the study because it gave insight into the motives and possible influences that Riis recognizes as bringing him into the muckraking world.
Riis, Jacob A. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Charles Scribner's Son, 1890.Bartleby.com. Bartleby, 2000. Web. 10 June 2012.
This was the book written by Jacob Riis that started it all. It gave him the fame and the reputation as a muckraker, and also helped him gain the respect of many reform leaders, in particular Theodore Roosevelt.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography. New York: MacMillian, 1890. Bartleby.com. Bartleby, 1999. Web. 10 June 2012.
An autobiography by Theodore Roosevelt and a source I relied heavily on to gather more information on the relationship between him and Jacob Riis. Jacob Riis’s autobiography showed that he revered Roosevelt, and I was wondering if the relationship was mutual: turned out it was.
Siegel, Robert. "Jacob Riis: Shedding Light on NYC's 'Other Half'" NPR. PBS, 30 June 2008. Web. 10 June 2012.
This was a video demonstrating the flash Jacob Riis used in his photos at the time. It was a mixture of chemicals set off by a gun, and at the time was very new technology. Riis would come around knocking down people’s doors and flash them, usually scaring them; he used this to his advantage, saying the people were terrified of their surroundings.
Tarbell, Ida M. All In The Day's Work. New York: Macmillan, 1939. Archive.org. Web. 2 June 2012.
From Ida Tarbell’s autobiography, I learned about her childhood and the way she acted growing up. This gave me insight into her life because I learned about some of her motivations into taking up journalism, such as her unwillingness to give up her own dreams by settling down with a man.
US Senate. "Lexow Committee." 1895. MS III. Albany.
The Lexow Committee was a probe done by the US Senate into the corruption of the NYPD. This was a brief transcription of it, since the actual version was 10,000 pages long. It gave valuable information on the various crimes committed by the NYPD during the time.
White, Carl. ""Muckraking" Greenwich." Historically Speaking. N.p., 18 Aug. 2010. Web. 6 June 2012. This article detailed Steffens’ life as a child up until his muckraking years. It was helpful in writing his biography.